World Spider Catalog

Araneidae Clerck, 1757

Family | ACCEPTED

N.B.: family name and authorship as per ICZN, 2009 Opinion 2224, after application by Kluge, 2007; Arkyinae L. Koch, 1872 (genera Arkys Walckenaer, 1837 and Demadiana Strand, 1929) elevated to Arkyidae by Dimitrov et al., 2017: 244; monophyly of Araneidae stated by Kallal et al., 2018: 138; Nephilinae Simon, 1894 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spiderfam:0111] elevated to family and relimited by Kuntner, 2006: 24, re-synonymized with Araneidae by Dimitrov et al., 2017: 244; Nephilinae and Phonognathinae Simon, 1894 (Simon, 1894a: 746 as Phonognatheae), the valid name for Zygiellinae Simon, 1929 sensu Wunderlich, 2004f, elevated to family by Kuntner et al., 2019: 563, not accepted by Scharff et al., 2020 and Kallal et al., 2020, and confirmed as family by Kuntner et al., 2023: 969-970 along with the separation of Paraplectanoididae Kuntner, Coddington, Agnarsson & Bond, 2023 (with the single genus Paraplectanoides Keyserling, 1886); Nephilinae and Phonognathinae downgraded to subfamily and Paraplectanoididae considered a synonym of Araneidae by Hormiga et al., 2023: 803; Oarcinae (Gnolus and Oarces) transferred from the Mimitidae to the Araneidae by Dimitrov et al., 2012: Suppl. 1, p. 15, re-transfer to the Mimetidae by Eskov & Marusik, 2023: 340 not accepted here (by majority vote of the WSC boards).

In synonymy:

Parazygiella Wunderlich, 2004 = Zygiella F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 (Gregorič et al., 2015a: 241)

Zygia C. L. Koch, 1834 = Zygiella F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902d: 15, preoccupied, replacement name)

Homonym replaced:

Zygia C. L. Koch, 1834 -- see Zygiella F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 - in F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902d

Gen. Zygiella F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:01582

N.B.: transferred to the Tetragnathidae by Levi, 1980a: 2 and back to the Araneidae by Scharff & Coddington, 1997: 404 (after Coddington, 1990: 17); placed in the Zygiellidae Simon, 1929 by Wunderlich, 2004f: 935 (not accepted by later authors); placed in the Phonognathidae Simon, 1894a: 746 (a senior synonym of Zygiellidae) by Kuntner et al., 2019: 563; for the current familial placement see the note at the family; replacement name for Zygia C. L. Koch, 1834: 123.17-19 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05965], preoccupied in Coleoptera by Fabricius, 1775; considered a senior synonym of Parazygiella Wunderlich, 2004f: 936 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:03687] (type Zilla montana C. L. Koch, 1834) by Gregorič et al., 2015a: 241.

Transferred to other genera:

Zygiella alpina (Giebel, 1867) -- see Theridion

Zygiella aureola (Keyserling, 1884) -- see Chrysometa

Zygiella baojingensis Yin, 2002 -- see Guizygiella

Zygiella caspica (Simon, 1889) -- see Leviellus

Zygiella decolorata (Keyserling, 1893) -- see Mangora

Zygiella guangxiensis Zhu & Zhang, 1993 -- see Guizygiella

Zygiella guttata (Keyserling, 1880) -- see Chrysometa

Zygiella guyanensis (Keyserling, 1881) -- see Manogea

Zygiella inconveniens (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) -- see Leviellus

Zygiella indica Tikader & Bal, 1980 -- see Guizygiella

Zygiella kochi (Thorell, 1870) -- see Leviellus

Zygiella melanocephala (Taczanowski, 1873) -- see Mangora

Zygiella melanocrania (Thorell, 1887) -- see Guizygiella

Zygiella nadleri Heimer, 1984 -- see Guizygiella

Zygiella nawazi (Dyal, 1935) -- see Bijoaraneus

Zygiella poriensis Levy, 1987 -- see Leviellus

Zygiella punctata (Keyserling, 1893) -- see Metazygia

Zygiella rogenhoferi (Keyserling, 1878) -- see Metazygia

Zygiella salta Yin & Gong, 1996 -- see Guizygiella

Zygiella shivui Patel & Reddy, 1990 -- see Guizygiella

Zygiella sia (Strand, 1906) -- see Yaginumia

Zygiella stroemi (Thorell, 1870) -- see Leviellus

Zygiella thorelli (Ausserer, 1871) -- see Leviellus

In synonymy:

Zygiella biologica (Chamberlin, 1925, T from Pseudometa = Chrysometa) = Zygiella x-notata Clerck, 1757 (Levi, 1980a: 16)

Zygiella boesenbergi (Keyserling, 1878) = Zygiella x-notata Clerck, 1757 (Levi, 1974a: 276)

Zygiella californica (Banks, 1896) = Zygiella x-notata Clerck, 1757 (Gertsch, 1964a: 12)

Zygiella calophylla (Walckenaer, 1802) = Zygiella x-notata Clerck, 1757 (Levi, 1974a: 271)

Zygiella canariensis Schmidt, 1977 = Zygiella minima Schmidt, 1968 (Wunderlich, 1987a: 135)

Zygiella gigans (Franganillo, 1913, T from Enoplognatha) = Zygiella x-notata Clerck, 1757 (Méndez, 1998: 145, confirmed by Breitling et al., 2016b: 57)

Zygiella litterata (Olivier, 1789) = Zygiella x-notata Clerck, 1757 (, Clerckian names validated by ICZN, 1959 (Direction 104))

Zygiella maulliniana (Mello-Leitão, 1951, T from Larinia) = Zygiella x-notata Clerck, 1757 (Levi, 1974a: 276)

Zygiella x-notata chelata (Franganillo, 1909) = Zygiella x-notata Clerck, 1757 (Breitling et al., 2016b: 56)

Zygiella x-notata percechelata (Franganillo, 1909) = Zygiella x-notata Clerck, 1757 (Breitling et al., 2016b: 56)

Nomen dubium:

Zygiella crucinotata (Pokrowsky, 1904: 300, f. 25-25a, f, Russia/Europe, originally in Zilla) -- Levi, 1974a: 271

Nomen nudum:

Zygiella pulcherrima (Zawadsky, 1902: 5, Georgia, sub Zilla) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017182] -- Mikhailov, 2013b: 113

Zygiella atrica (C. L. Koch, 1845) | | Europe. Introduced to USA, Canada urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017166

Eucharia atrica C. L. Koch, 1845: 103, f. 1030-1031 (Dmf) Original description

Epeira atrica Westring, 1851: 35

Zilla atrica Thorell, 1856: 107

Zygia atrica Menge, 1866: 78, pl. 12, f. 20 (mf)

Zilla atrica Thorell, 1870a: 31

Zilla atrica Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1891: 137, pl. 5, f. 34 (mf)

Zilla atrica F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892: 395, pl. 20, f. 3, pl. 21, f. 9 (mf)

Zilla atrica McCook, 1894: 238, pl. 18, f. 7-8 (mf)

Zilla atrica Simon, 1895a: 814, f. 866 (m)

Zilla atrica Becker, 1896: (2): 51, pl. 10, f. 5 (mf)

Zilla atrica Bösenberg, 1901: 46, pl. 3, f. 36 (mf)

Zilla atrica Emerton, 1902: 185, f. 431-434 (m)

Zilla atrica Emerton, 1909: 201, pl. 5, f. 4 (m)

Araneus atricus Lessert, 1910b: 339

Zygiella atrica Simon, 1929: 661, 665, 753, f. 1017, 1027 (mf)

Aranea atrica Reimoser, 1929c: 86, f. 5 (mf)

Zilla atrica Wiehle, 1931: 33, f. 38-40 (mf)

Zilla atrica Comstock, 1940: 473, f. 471a, 472a (mf)

Zilla atrica Drensky, 1943: 228, f. 9 (mf)

Zygiella atrica Kaston, 1948: 243, f. 748-749, 770 (mf, removed from S of Z. calophylla)

Zygiella atrica Locket & Millidge, 1953: 163, f. 108D, 109A (mf)

Zilla atrica Saito, 1959: 109, f. 127a-b (f)

Zygiella atrica Gertsch, 1964a: 16, f. 18-20 (mf)

Zygiella atrica Tystshenko, 1971: 191, f. 555 (f)

Zygiella atrica Miller, 1971: 204, pl. XXXVII, f. 14 (f)

Zygiella atrica Levi, 1974a: 272, f. 1-8 (mf)

Zygiella atrica Palmgren, 1974a: 12, f. 5d-f (mf)

Zygiella atrica Roberts, 1985: 220, f. 99d (mf)

Zygiella atrica Coddington, 1990: 17, f. 67 (m)

Zygiella atrica Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 64, f. 142 (mf)

Zygiella atrica Roberts, 1995: 334, f. (mf)

Zygiella atrica Roberts, 1998: 347, f. (mf)

Zygiella atrica Paquin & Dupérré, 2003: 49, f. 347-349 (mf)

Zygiella atrica Dondale et al., 2003: 298, f. 698-703 (mf)

Zygiella atrica Wunderlich, 2004f: 948, f. 37 (m)

Zygiella atrica Almquist, 2005: 179, f. 184a-g (mf)

Zygiella calyptrata (Workman & Workman, 1894) | | China, Myanmar, Malaysia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017167

Epeira calyptrata Workman & Workman, 1894: 21, pl. 21 (f) Original description

Epeira calyptrata Thorell, 1895b: 188 (Df)

Zygiella calyptrata Roewer, 1942a: 886

Zygiella calyptrata Levi, 1974a: 282, f. 76-80 (f)

Zygiella calyptrata Yin et al., 1990: 138, f. 341-343 (f, misidentified)

Zygiella calyptrata Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 229, f. 129O-P (f)

Zygiella carpenteri Archer, 1951 | | USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017168

Zygiella carpenteri Archer, 1951a: 18, f. 34 (Df) Original description

Zygiella carpenteri Gertsch, 1964a: 9, f. 11-14 (f, Dm)

Zygiella carpenteri Levi, 1974a: 280, f. 62-69 (mf)

Parazygiella carpenteri Wunderlich, 2004f: 928 (Tmf from Zygiella)

Zygiella carpenteri Gregorič et al., 2015a: 241 (T from Parazygiella)

Zygiella dispar (Kulczyński, 1885) | | North America, Russia (Far East), Japan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017170

Zilla dispar Kulczyński, 1885: 24, pl. 9, f. 7 (Dmf) Original description

Aranea dispar Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 238

Zilla montana Comstock, 1940: 474, f. 471c, 472c (mf, misidentified)

Zygiella montana Levi & Field, 1954: 452, f. 36-37 (mf, misidentified)

Zygiella dispar Gertsch, 1964a: 7, f. 7-10 (mf)

Zygiella dispar Levi, 1974a: 278, f. 33-37, 44, 48 only (mf, S, rejected)

Zygiella montana Chikuni, 1989b: 77, f. 44 (mf, misidentified)

Zygiella dispar Levi, 2002: 541, f. 106-107 (f)

Zygiella dispar Tanikawa, 2002: 105, f. 1-6 (mf)

Zygiella dispar Dondale et al., 2003: 303, f. 711-718 (mf)

Parazygiella dispar Wunderlich, 2004f: 928 (Tmf from Zygiella)

Parazygiella disper Tanikawa, 2007c: 55, f. 83-85, 483-484 (mf, lapsus)

Parazygiella dispar Tanikawa, 2009: 433, f. 65-66 (mf)

Parazygiella dispar Marusik & Kovblyuk, 2011: 269, f. 41.1-8 (mf)

Zygiella dispar Gregorič et al., 2015a: 241 (T from Parazygiella)

Zygiella dispar Tanikawa, 2017a: 1, f. 1E-F, 2D-F (mf)

Zygiella hiramatsui Tanikawa, 2017 | | Japan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:049604

Zygiella hiramatsui Tanikawa, 2017a: 1, f. 1A-D, 2A-C (Dmf) Original description

Zygiella keyserlingi (Ausserer, 1871) | | Southern Europe, Ukraine, Russia (Caucasus), Turkey urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017174

Zilla keyserlingii Ausserer, 1871b: 830, pl. 5, f. 11 (Df) Original description

Zilla atrica Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1891: 137, pl. 5, f. 34 (mf, in part)

Zilla keyserlingi Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1897: 307 (Dm)

Zygiella keyserlingi Simon, 1929: 661

Zilla keyserlingi Wiehle, 1931: 35, f. 41-42 (mf)

Zygiella keyserlingi Levi, 1974a: 274, f. 9-14 (mf)

Zygiella keyserlingi Kovblyuk et al., 2008b: 9, f. 2-5, 29-30 (f)

Zygiella keyserlingi Gökalp & Kaya, 2017: 131, f. 2-11 (mf)

Zygiella keyserlingi Pantini, Giliani & Grottolo, 2023: 163, f. 2a-b (m)

Zygiella kirgisica Bakhvalov, 1974 | | Kyrgyzstan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017175

Zygiella kirgisicus Bakhvalov, 1974: 108, f. 15-17 (Df) Original description

Zygiella kirgisica Bakhvalov, 1982: 138, f. 2 (f)

Zygiella kirgisica Bakhvalov, 1983: 87, f. 2 (f)

Zygiella minima Schmidt, 1968 | | Canary Is., Madeira urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017178

Zygiella x-notata minima Schmidt, 1968: 414, f. 11 (Dm) Original description

Zygiella minima Levi, 1974a: 274, f. 15-20 (m, Df, elevated to species)

Zygiella canariensis Schmidt, 1977: 62, f. 9-11 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:058078]

Zygiella minima Wunderlich, 1987a: 135 (S of Zygiella canariensis)

Zygiella montana (C. L. Koch, 1834) | | Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Middle Siberia), Uzbekistan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017179

Zilla montana C. L. Koch, 1834: 125, pl. 19 (Df) Original description

Zilla montana C. L. Koch, 1839a: 146, f. 536-537 (Dmf)

Zilla alpina L. Koch, 1870: 16 (Dmf)

Zilla montana Emerton, 1884: 323, pl. 34, f. 14, pl. 37, f. 22-23, 26, 28 (mf)

Zilla montana Kulczyński, 1885: 25, pl. 9, f. 8 (m)

Zilla montana Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1891: 137, pl. 5, f. 33 (f)

Zilla montana McCook, 1894: 239, pl. 18, f. 3-4 (mf)

Zilla montana Bösenberg, 1901: 44, pl. 3, f. 33 (mf)

Zilla montana Emerton, 1902: 185, f. 435a (m)

Zilla montana Emerton, 1909: 201, pl. 5, f. 4b (f)

Araneus montanus Lessert, 1910b: 341

Zygiella montana Simon, 1929: 663, 754, f. 1020, 1026 (mf)

Zilla montana Wiehle, 1931: 38, f. 46-48 (mf)

Zilla montana Drensky, 1943: 227, f. 8 (mf)

Zygiella montana Miller, 1971: 202, pl. XXXVII, f. 10-11 (mf)

Zygiella montana Levi, 1974a: 278, f. 51-56, 59-61 (mf)

Zygiella montana Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 64, f. 141 (mf)

Zygiella montana Roberts, 1995: 335, f. (mf)

Zygiella montana Roberts, 1998: 347, f. (mf)

Parazygiella montana Wunderlich, 2004f: 936 (Tmf from Zygiella)

Parazygiella montana Topçu et al., 2006a: 336, f. 2 (f)

Zygiella montana Gregorič et al., 2015a: 241 (T from Parazygiella)

Zygiella nearctica Gertsch, 1964 | | Canada, USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:039205

Zygiella nearctica Gertsch, 1964a: 4, f. 3-6 (Dmf) Original description

Zygiella dispar Levi, 1974a: 278, f. 32, 38-43, 45-47 (mf, misidentified)

Zygiella nearctica Paquin & Dupérré, 2003: 49, f. 350-352 (mf)

Zygiella nearctica Dondale et al., 2003: 303, f. 711-718 (mf, removed from S)

Zygiella x-notata (Clerck, 1757) | | Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran? Introduced to North America, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, China, Japan, Réunion urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017187

Araneus x-notatus Clerck, 1757: 46, pl. 2, f. 5 (Df) Original description

Aranea litterata Olivier, 1789: 206 (D) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:058079]

Araneus x-notatus Martyn, 1793: 12, pl. 2, f. 2 (f)

Aranea calophylla Walckenaer, 1802: 200 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:058077]

Epeira calophylla Sundevall, 1833a: 252

Zygia calophylla C. L. Koch, 1834: 123, pl. 17-19 (mf)

Eucharia calophylla C. L. Koch, 1835: 134, pl. 8 (second text page)

Zilla calophylla C. L. Koch, 1839a: 148, f. 538-539 (mf)

Epeira similis Blackwall, 1844: 186 (Dmf)

Zilla x-notata Thorell, 1856: 26 (D)

Epeira similis Blackwall, 1864a: 337, pl. 25, f. 244

Epeira calophylla Blackwall, 1864a: 338, pl. 25, f. 245 (mf)

Zilla calophylla Menge, 1866: 76, pl. 12, f. 19 (Dmf)

Zygia calophylla Ohlert, 1867: 30

Zilla bösenbergii Keyserling, 1878a: 575, pl. 14, f. 4-5 (Dmf)

Zilla x-notata Hansen, 1882: 23, pl. 1, f. 39 (mf)

Zilla x-notata Emerton, 1884: 324, pl. 11, f. 2, pl. 34, f. 13, pl. 37, f. 24-25, 27 (mf)

Zilla x-notata Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1891: 137, pl. 5, f. 35 (mf)

Zilla x-notata F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892: 395, pl. 21, f. 8 (mf)

Zilla boesenbergi Keyserling, 1893: 297, pl. 15, f. 220 (mf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:058075]

Zilla x-notata McCook, 1894: 237, pl. 18, f. 1-2 (mf)

Zilla x-notata Becker, 1896: (2): 53, pl. 11, f. 1 (mf)

Zilla californica Banks, 1896b: 90 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:058076]

Zilla x-notata Bösenberg, 1901: 45, pl. 3, f. 35 (mf)

Zilla x-notata Emerton, 1902: 185, f. 435 (m)

Zilla x-notata Smith, 1902: 297, unnumbered f. (mf)

Zilla x-notata chelata Franganillo, 1909: 189 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017188]

Zilla x-notata percechelata Franganillo, 1909: 189 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017189]

Zilla x-notata Engelhardt, 1910: 42, f. 4 (f)

Zilla x-notata chelata Franganillo, 1910: 17, f. 7 (mf)

Zilla x-notata percechelata Franganillo, 1910: 17 (m)

Araneus x-notatus Lessert, 1910b: 340

Araneus californicus Petrunkevitch, 1911: 283

Araneus boesenbergi Petrunkevitch, 1911: 283

Zilla gigans Franganillo, 1913: 128 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:049072]

Pseudometa biologica Chamberlin, 1925d: 217 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:058074]

Zygiella x-notata Simon, 1929: 663, 665, 754, f. 1018, 1028 (mf)

Zilla litterata Wiehle, 1931: 30, f. 33-37 (mf)

Zilla x-notata Comstock, 1940: 474, f. 471b, 472b (mf)

Zygiella boesenbergi Roewer, 1942a: 887

Zygiella californica Roewer, 1942a: 887

Zilla litterata Drensky, 1943: 228, f. 10 (mf)

Zygiella litterata Kaston, 1948: 243, f. 747, 767-769 (mf)

Zygiella x-notata Chrysanthus, 1949b: 350, f. 1 (f)

Larinia maulliniana Mello-Leitão, 1951: 331, f. 5-6 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:058080]

Zygiella x-notata Locket & Millidge, 1953: 159, f. 108A, C, 109B (mf)

Zygiella x-notata Gertsch, 1964a: 12, f. 15-17 (mf, S of Zygiella californica)

Zygiella x-notata Mackie, 1967: 439, f. 1-2, 4-5 (mf)

Zygiella x-notata Tystshenko, 1971: 191, f. 557 (f)

Zygiella x-notata Miller, 1971: 204, pl. XXXVII, f. 15 (f)

Zygiella x-notata Loksa, 1972: 107, f. 97D-F (mf)

Enoplognatha gigans Levi, 1974a: 271 (T from Zilla, nomen dubium)

Zygiella x-notata Levi, 1974a: 276, f. 21-31, 57-58 (mf, S of Larinia maulliniana, Zygiella boesenbergi and Z. calophylla)

Zygiella x-notata Levi, 1980a: 16 (S of Pseudometa biologica)

Zygiella x-notata Roberts, 1985: 220, f. 99c (mf)

Zygiella x-notata Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 66, f. 143 (mf)

Zygiella x-notata Roberts, 1995: 334, f. (mf)

Zygiella x-notata Hormiga, Eberhard & Coddington, 1995: 323, f. 5C-D (m)

Zygiella x-notata Agnarsson, 1996: 66, f. 54A-C (mf)

Zygiella x-notata Bellmann, 1997: 100, f. (f)

Zygiella x-notata Roberts, 1998: 346, f. (mf)

Zygiella x-notata Méndez, 1998: 145 (S)

Zygiella x-notata Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 229, f. 130D-E (m)

Zilla gigas Bosmans & Van Keer, 1999: 211 (lapsus, does not belong to Enoplognatha)

Zygiella x-notata Levi, 2001: 473, f. 124-131 (mf)

Zygiella x-notata Levi, 2002: 545, f. 171-174, 215 (mf)

Zygiella x-notata Dondale et al., 2003: 300, f. 704-710 (mf)

Zygiella x-notata Tanikawa, 2004c: 61, f. 1-4 (mf)

Zygiella x-notata Almquist, 2005: 181, f. 186a-f (mf)

Zygiella x-notata Tanikawa, 2007c: 55, f. 81-82, 481-482 (mf)

Zygiella x-notata Türkes & Mergen, 2008: 300, f. 4 (f)

Zygiella x-notata Álvarez-Padilla & Hormiga, 2011a: 852, f. 139F (m)

Zygiella x-notata Breitling et al., 2016b: 56 (S of Zygiella x-notata chelata and Zygiella x-notata parcechelata)

Zygiella x-notata Breitling et al., 2016b: 57 (S of Zygiella gigans confirmed)

Zygiella x-notata Cazanove, 2017: 23, 2-4 (f)

Zygiella x-notata Kallal & Hormiga, 2018b: 1133, f. 45A-I (mf)

Zygiella x-notata Benavides & Hormiga, 2020: 158, f. 12E (m)

Zygiella x-notata Taucare-Ríos & Zapata-Quinteros, 2022: 683, f. 2a-b (f)

Zygiella x-notata Morano, 2023: 104, f. 119-122 (mf)