Gnaphosidae Banks, 1892

Family |   ACCEPTED
N.B.: the names Gnaphosae and Gnaphosi were used firstly at tribe level by Banks, 1892d: 92, 94 and thus Banks, 1892 is the valid authorship and year for the family, not Pocock, 1898c: 219; for the family name Drassidae Sundevall, 1833 see Simon, 1893a: 340 and Bonnet, 1956: 1554. Family relimited by Platnick, 1990a: 35 and Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612; most genera listed by Brignoli, 1983c under Micariinae are treated here under Corinnidae and Phrurolithidae. Prodidomidae revalidated by Platnick, 1990a: 36 to include the former Prodidominae, Molycriinae and Anagraphidinae; Anagraphidinae transferred from Prodidomidae to Gnaphosidae by Platnick & Baehr, 2006: 5; Prodidomidae downgraded to subfamily of Gnaphosidae by Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 613 (synonyms: Molycriinae Simon, 1897 and Theuminae Simon, 1893), redefined by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 694 and elevated to familiy rank again by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12 (without Molycriinae); Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612 distinguish several well definded clades within Gnaphosidae (Gnaphosinae Banks, 1892, Zelotinae Platnick, 1990, Herpyllinae Platnick, 1990, Drassodinae Simon, 1893, Prodidominae Simon, 1884 and Leptodrassinae Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018) and state three monogeneric subfamilies, Anagraphidinae Simon, 1893 (type genus Anagraphis), Echeminae Simon, 1893 (type genus Echemus) and Micariinae Banks, 1892 (type genus Micaria), which do not perform a grouping function; Micaria Westring 1851, Nauhea Forster, 1979 and Verita Ramirez & Grismado, 2015 (and some related genera) are probably not gnaphosids, and many genera are not assigned to a subfamily given their poorly supported and unstable relationships (Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 614); the subfamily Molycriinae Simon, 1897 is re-established by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 682 (includes Cryptotoerithus, Molycria, Myandra, Nomindra, Wesmaldra and Wydundra); Lin & Li, 2020e: 313 described the new subfamily Solitudinae, with the single genus Solitudes Lin & Li, 2020; Micariidae is regarded as a separate family (sister to Cithaeronidae) by Breitling, 2021: 19, but without listing the genera, which should belong to it, and it is also not accepted because it is based mainly on COI, see FAQ 7; Ammoxenidae (Ammoxenus, Austrammo, Barrowammo, Rastellus) are synonymized with Gnaphosidae by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12; the family is not monophyletic per Kulkarni, Wood & Hormiga, 2023: 520, f. 19.

In synonymy:

Scopodes Chamberlin, 1922 = Scopoides Platnick, 1989 (Platnick, 1989b: 482, preoccupied, replacement name)

Homonym replaced:

Scopodes Chamberlin, 1922 -- see Scopoides Platnick, 1989

Gen. Scopoides Platnick, 1989 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02470
N.B.: replacement name for Scopodes Chamberlin, 1922: 156 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05578], preoccupied in Coleoptera by Erichson, 1842.

Transferred to other genera:

Scopoides gyirongensis Hu, 2001 -- see Allozelotes

Scopoides kuljitae (Tikader, 1982) -- see Poecilochroa

Scopoides maitraiae (Tikader & Gajbe, 1977) -- see Drassodes

Scopoides pritiae (Tikader, 1982) -- see Megamyrmaekion

Scopoides samarae Gawande & Bodkhe, 2018 -- see Drassodes

Scopoides tikaderi (Gajbe, 1987) -- see Megamyrmaekion

Scopoides wanglangensis Yuan, Zhao & Zhang, 2019 -- see Platnickus

Scopoides xizangensis Hu, 2001 -- see Platnickus

In synonymy:

Scopoides pessimisticus (Chamberlin, 1924) = Scopoides naturalisticus Chamberlin, 1924 (Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 21, sub Scopodes)

Nomen dubium:

Scopoides californicus (Simon, 1893e: 308, j, USA, originally in Megamyrmaekion) -- Ubick & Roth, 1973b: 1

Scopoides asceticus (Chamberlin, 1924) | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027822
Megamyrmecion asceticum Chamberlin, 1924b: 615, f. 52 (Dm) Original description
Scopodes asceticum Ubick & Roth, 1973c: 2 (T from Megamyrmaekion)
Scopodes asceticum Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 29, f. 84-87 (m, Df)
Scopoides asceticus Platnick, 1993c: 664 (correction of ending)
Scopoides bryantae (Platnick & Shadab, 1976) | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027823
Scopodes bryantae Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 26, f. 70-75 (Dmf) Original description
Scopoides cambridgei (Gertsch & Davis, 1940) | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027824
Megamyrmecium cambridgei Gertsch & Davis, 1940b: 11, f. 3-4 (Dm) Original description
Scopodes cambridgei Ubick & Roth, 1973c: 2 (T from Megamyrmaekion)
Scopodes cambridgei Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 23, f. 58-63 (m, Df)
Scopoides catharius (Chamberlin, 1922) | | USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027825
Scopodes catharius Chamberlin, 1922: 156 (Dm) Original description
Scopodes catharinus Roewer, 1955c: 432 (lapsus)
Scopodes catharius Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 18, f. 1-2, 40-45 (m, Df)
Scopoides catharius Murphy, 2007: 50, f. 372-373 (mf)
Scopoides gertschi (Platnick, 1978) | | USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027826
Scopodes gertschi Platnick, 1978d: 181, f. 1-2 (Dm) Original description
Scopodes gertschi Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 21, f. 58-59 (Df)
Scopoides kastoni (Platnick & Shadab, 1976) | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027827
Scopodes kastoni Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 20, f. 46-51 (Dmf) Original description
Scopoides naturalisticus (Chamberlin, 1924) | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027830
Megamyrmecion naturalisticum Chamberlin, 1924b: 617, f. 54-55 (Dmf) Original description
Megamyrmecion pessimisticum Chamberlin, 1924b: 616, f. 53 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:054874]
Scopodes naturalisticum Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 7 (T from Megamyrmaekion)
Scopodes pessimisticum Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 7 (T from Megamyrmaekion)
Scopodes naturalisticum Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 21, f. 52-57 (mf, S of Scopodes pessimisticum)
Scopoides naturalisticus Platnick, 1993c: 664 (correction of ending)
Scopoides nesiotes (Chamberlin, 1924) | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027831
Megamyrmecion nesiotes Chamberlin, 1924b: 618, f. 56 (Df) Original description
Scopodes nesiotes Ubick & Roth, 1973c: 2 (T from Megamyrmaekion)
Scopodes nesiotes Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 24, f. 64-69 (f, Dm)
Scopoides ochraceus (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899) | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027832
Echemus ochraceus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899a: 59, pl. 4, f. 11 (Dm) Original description
Scopodes ochraceus Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 30, f. 88-91 (m, Df, T from Echemus)
Scopoides rostratus (Platnick & Shadab, 1976) | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027834
Scopodes rostratus Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 27, f. 76-79 (Dmf) Original description
Scopoides santiago (Platnick & Shadab, 1976) | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027835
Scopodes santiago Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 28, f. 80-81 (Df) Original description
Scopoides tlacolula (Platnick & Shadab, 1976) | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027837
Scopodes tlacolula Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 31, f. 82-83 (Df) Original description

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